John Dewey (USA) (1920) held the same philosophy. Similarly,
humanistic philosopher, Malcolm Knowles (USA) (1960) espoused the core value of
individualism and the need for new knowledge to be relevant in order to stimulate motivation to
learn. Other USA philosophers, Jack Mezirow, USA (1990) and Lindemann (1956) spoke to the
same concepts which later were referred to as transformational learning. They espoused that all
knowledge is culturally constructed..